א
Cécile Fromont inside
THE INTEGRATED GLOBAL CREATIVE ECONOMY
I CURATE

This is the Universe of

Name: Cécile Fromont
City/Place: New Haven, Connecticut
Country: United States

CURATION

from this node by: Criador acima/Creator above

Life & Work

Bio: I am an associate professor in the history of art department at Yale University. My writing and teaching focus on the visual, material, and religious culture of Africa and Latin America with a special emphasis on the early modern period (ca 1500-1800), on the Portuguese-speaking Atlantic World, and on the slave trade.

My first book, The Art of Conversion: Christian Visual Culture in the Kingdom of Kongo was published in 2014 by the University of North Carolina Press for the Omohundro Institute for Early American History. It received the 2017 Arts Council of the African Studies Association Triennial Arnold Rubin Outstanding Book Award, was named the 2015 American Academy of Religion Best First Book in the History of Religions, won the 2015 Albert J. Raboteau Prize for the Best Book in Africana Religions, an Honorable Mention in the 2015 Melville J. Herskovits Award of the African Studies Association, and a College Art Association Millard Meiss Publication Fund Grant. It has been translated into French by Les Presses du Réel in 2018.

Forthcoming from Penn State University Press in 2022, my next book, Images on a Mission in Early Modern Kongo and Angola presents and analyzes for the first time a set of unpublished and unparalleled images from seventeenth and eighteenth century Kongo and Angola created within the Capuchin Franciscan mission to the region. Not only does it shed new light on early modern central Africa and on the little studied Capuchin missionary endeavors outside of Europe. Its novel methodological approach also models a way to look anew at encounter as author in images created at the crux of cultures.

I am the editor as well as a contributor to the 2019 volume Afro-Catholic Festivals in the Americas: Performance, Representation, and the Making of Black Atlantic Tradition published in the Africana Religion Series at Penn State University Press. My essays on African and Latin American art have appeared, among other venues, in the Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Colonial Latin American Review, African Arts, Anais do Museu Paulista, RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics, Art History as well as various edited volumes and exhibition catalogues.

Support for my research and writing include grants and fellowships from the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, the Michigan Society of Fellows, the J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board, the Yale Institute of Sacred Music, the Renaissance Society of America, and the Paris Institute for Advanced Studies. I am a 2018 Rome Prize fellow of the American Academy in Rome. In Spring 2022, I am a fellow at I Tatti – The Harvard University’s Center for Italian Renaissance Studies in Florence.

I am currently pursuing two lines of research investigating areas of intersection between visual and material culture, religion, and knowledge creation in cross-cultural environments of early modern Africa, Latin America, and Europe. The first is an investigation of the circulation of African visual, material, and religious culture in the context of the slave trade within the early modern Atlantic world which was the topic of my 2020 Cohen Lectures at Harvard’s Hutchins Center. In the second, emerging line of study, “Connected by Design” I investigate material and aesthetic exchange between Africa and Europe in the era of the slave trade.

At Yale, I advise emerging scholars in our graduate program whose research explores different aspects of the visual and material cultures of Africa, Latin America, and the Atlantic World in the early modern period and the long shadow this era cast on our contemporary times.

I was born and raised in Martinique. My ancestors came to the island from Africa, South Asia, and Burgundy.

Cécile Fromont Curated

Imagine the world's creative economy at your fingertips. Imagine 10 doors side-by-side. Beyond each, 10 more, each opening to a "creative" somewhere around the planet. After passing through 8 such doorways you will have followed 1 pathway out of 100 million possible (2 sets of doorways yield 10 x 10 = 100 pathways). This is a simplified version of the metamathematics that makes it possible to reach anybody in the global creative economy in just a few steps. It doesn't mean that everybody will be reached by everybody. It does mean that everybody can be reached by everybody.

English ↓ Português →

Sprawled across broad equatorial latitudes...

Stoked and steamed and sensual in the broadest sense of the word...

Limned in prosody & cadenced song...

Set in a conundrum wrapped in a smile inside an irony...

From Bahia, with love: All of this — based in short-range connections between vastly disparate people and entities in the (integrated) global creative economy — began among the sublimely moving people below, and below them. Music: Assis Valente of Santo Amaro, Bahia; Video: Betão Aguiar of Salvador, Bahia

"Chegou a hora dessa gente bronzeada mostrar seu valor / The time has come for these bronzed people to show their value..."

You are now within the vast, virtual, arboreal canopy of a rainforest tree rising from Brazil ... concatenating, intertwining branches encircling the planet...manifesting writers and journalists, painters, filmmakers, choreographers, computer programmers, sound and set designers, fashion designers, mathematicians…from Brooklyn, Berlin, Buenos Aires, Cape Town, Mombasa, Tokyo... all inexorably tending to close-connectedness with all others.

This matrix began with a question: How is it possible to make Brazil’s most historically important musicians discoverable by people living anywhere around the Earth?

Answer: Include them in a seemingly preternaturally interaccessible curation system (the magic herein is mathematics) which would also include members of the creative economy from everywhere else.

Thus it becomes possible for anybody who knows of Quincy Jones to discover João do Boi ("John of the Ox", the vastly important Son House of Brazil) in just four (or conceivably fewer) steps (Quincy Jones > Alfredo Rodriguez > Munir Hossn > Roberto Mendes > João do Boi).

And if Herbie Hancock is inside the matrix then anybody on his page — whether they be accessing from a campus in L.A., a pub in Dublin, a shebeen in Cape Town, a tent in Mongolia — will be close, transitable steps away from Raymundo Sodré, even if they know nothing of Brazil and are unaware that Sodré sings/dances upon this planet. Sodré, having been knocked from the perch of fame and ground into anonymity by Brazil's dictatorship, has now the alternative of access to the world-at-large via recourse to the vast potential of network theory.

...to the degree that other artists et al — writers, researchers, filmmakers, painters, choreographers, chefs...everywhere — do also. Artificial intelligence not required (nor capable). Real intelligence, yes.

These are not isolated examples. Short pathways of few steps between widely disparate creative people are universal throughout the matrix. Such is the mathematical power of the small world phenomenon, the phenomenon responsible for “six degrees of separation”, joining most human beings to most others within some six or so steps. This is the matrix’s superpower.

Question: What's with the Hebrew letter on matrix media pages?

Answer: Web Aleph.

Question: How is this a matrix?

Answer: The original meaning of "matrix" is "source", derived from "mater", Latin for "mother" (hence our motto: We're a real mother for ya!). The Matrix Online Network is a virtual realization of Web Aleph, allowing people to actually move from members of the Global Creative Economy to other members of the GCE (thus an Integrated Global Creative Economy: IGCE) in accessible steps. The matrix opens up and unites the creative world in a way which hasn't been possible since mankind first blew through a bone flute some 40,000 years ago.

Question: Why not use Artificial Intelligence rather than human curation?

Answer: Artificial Intelligence makes personal music recommendations based upon what any given person has chosen to listen to previously (and upon what people deemed to have similarities to any given person have chosen to listen to previously). But matrix curation is general, not personal. And moreover, while AI recommendations for music can satisfy some people, such recommendations are currently impossible for the work of writers, painters, choreographers, filmmakers, actors, chefs...

The Matrix is capable of reaching deeply, per João's village of São Braz, in the Bahian Recôncavo...

Landings of Enslaved by Numbers

Endpoint of a centuries-long enforced odyssey, the region of the Bahian Recôncavo received more enslaved human beings than any other port-of-call throughout the entire history of mankind. One irony is that these people created some of the most physically & spiritually uplifting music ever sung and danced to. Another irony — true in the United States as well — is that their music would evolve to become the national music of the country which had enslaved them. A meta-irony then is that these two gargantuan ironies are almost completely unknown.

Number of Embarked/Disembarked Enslaved at Selected Landings from 1514 to 1866:

Bahia, port unspecified *

Embarked: 1,339,627

Disembarked: 1,206,934

* “Bahia” above is the archaically used name for the city of Salvador. These are the numbers for Salvador and the Recôncavo.

The numbers below are for Bahia including Taipu and Porto Seguro:

Bahia

Embarked: 1,347,121

Disembarked: 1,213,691

Rio de Janeiro

Embarked: 1,216,113

Disembarked: 1,099,908

Brazil

Embarked: 3,515,638

Disembarked: 3,165,307

Mainland North America

Embarked: 359,628

Disembarked: 301,740

Our source is the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database centered at Emory University and available online at http://slavevoyages.org/

Dear friend, wherever (and whomsoever) you may be—

Have you ever noticed how different places scattered across the face of the globe seem almost to exist in different universes? As if they were permeated throughout with something akin to 19th century luminiferous aether, unique, determined by that place's history? It's like a trick of the mind's light (I suppose), but standing on beach or escarpment in Salvador and looking out across the Baía de Todos os Santos to the great Recôncavo, and mindful of what happened there (the Recôncavo was final port-of-call for more enslaved human beings than any other place throughout the entirety of mankind's existence on this planet), one must be led to the inevitable conclusion that one is in a place unique to history, and to the present...

Brazil is not a European nation. It is not a North American nation. It is not an East Asian nation. Brazil straddles — jungle and desert and dense urban centers — both the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn. Brazil absorbed over ten times the number of enslaved Africans taken to the United States of America, and is a repository of African deities (and their music) now largely forgotten in their lands of origin. It was a refuge (of sorts) for Sephardim fleeing an Inquisition which followed them across the Atlantic (that unofficial symbol of Brazil's national music — the pandeiro — was almost certainly brought to Brazil by these people).

Across the parched savannas of the interior of Brazil's culturally fecund nordeste/northeast, where wizard Hermeto Pascoal was born in Lagoa da Canoa (Lagoon of the Canoe) and raised in Olho d'Águia (Eye of the Eagle), much of Brazil's aboriginal population was absorbed into a caboclo/quilombola culture punctuated by the Star of David. Three cultures — from three continents — running for their lives, their confluence forming an unprecedented fourth. Pandeirista on the roof. Nowhere else but here.

"Onde tem miséria, tem música!"* - Raymundo Sodré (↓)

* "Where there is misery, there is music!" Remarked during a conversation arcing from Bahia to Haiti and Cuba to New Orleans and the south side of Chicago and Harlem to the villages of Ireland and the gypsy camps and shtetls of Eastern Europe...

The network was built in an obscure record shop evincing this cauldron (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar found it) in a shimmering Brazilian port city...

...it was inspired in (the kabbalah-inspired fiction of) Borges' (phenomenal short story) El Aleph, that in the pillar in Cairo's Mosque of Amr, where the universe in its entirety throughout all time is perceivable as an infinite hum from deep within the stone.

It "works" by virtue of the "small-world" phenomenon...the same responsible for the fact that most of 7 billion or so beings are within 6 or fewer degrees of each other.

It was described (to some degree) and can be accessed via this article in British journal The Guardian (which named our radio of matrixed artists as one of ten best in the world):

www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/apr/17/10-best-music-radio-station-around-world

(0ur radio — built below — is here)

With David Dye for U.S. National Public Radio: www.npr.org/2013/07/16/202634814/roots-of-samba-exploring-historic-pelourinho-in-salvador-brazil

Per the "spirit" above, our logo is a cortador de cana, a cane-cutter. It was designed by Walter Mariano, professor of design at the Federal University of Bahia to reflect the origins of the music the shop specialized in, music which remains a potent force on the remainder of its native ground, the Recôncavo proper, where it is danced to on pounded earth, under moonlight broken by banana, palm and mango leaves, lifting the souls of its participants almost like something religious, which it was, and gods aside, is.

The Brazilian "aleph" doesn't hum... it dances and sings. And all is more connected than we imagine.

Welcome to the kitchen!

From Salvador with love,

- Pardal "Sparrow" Roberts

Years ago in NYC (I've lived here in Brazil for over 30 years now) I "rescued" unpaid royalties (performance & mechanical) for artists/composers including Barbra Streisand, Aretha Franklin, Mongo Santamaria, Jim Hall, Clement "Coxsone" Dodd, Led Zeppelin, Ray Barretto, Philip Glass and many others. Aretha called me out of the blue vis-à-vis money owed by Atlantic Records. Allen Klein called about money due the estate of Sam Cooke. Jerry Ragovoy (Time Is On My Side, Piece of My Heart) called just to see if he had any unpaid money floating around out there (the royalty world was a shark-filled jungle, to mangle metaphors, and I doubt it's changed).

But the pertinent client (and friend) in the present context is Earl "Speedo" Carroll, of The Cadillacs. Earl went from doo-wopping on Harlem streetcorners to chart-topping success to working as a custodian at PS 87 elementary school on the west side of Manhattan. Through all of this he never lost what made him great. In a sense, this rainforest tree sprouted from a streetcorner in Harlem.

Greatness and fame are too often conflated. The former should be accessible independently of the latter.

Imagine João do Boi!

Espalhados por amplas latitudes equatoriais...

Empolgante e fumegante e sensual no sentido mais amplo da palavra...

Delineado em prosódia e canção cadenciada...

Situado num enigma envolto de um sorriso dentro de uma ironia...

Da Bahia, com afeto: Tudo isso – baseado em conexões de curto alcance entre pessoas e entidades muito díspares na economia criativa global (integrada) – começou entre as pessoas sublimemente comoventes abaixo, e abaixo delas. Música: Assis Valente de Santo Amaro, Bahia; Vídeo: Betão Aguiar de Salvador, Bahia

"Chegou a hora dessa gente bronzeada mostrar seu valor / The time has come for these bronzed people to show their value..."

Você está agora dentro do vasto, virtual, dossel arbóreo de uma árvore da floresta tropical que se ergue do Brasil... concatenando, entrelaçando galhos que circundam o planeta... manifestando escritores e jornalistas, pintores, cineastas, coreógrafos, programadores de computador, designers de som e cenografia, designers de moda, matemáticos... do Brooklyn, Berlim, Buenos Aires, Cidade do Cabo, Mombasa, Tóquio...

Este matrix começou com uma pergunta: Como é possível fazer com que os músicos historicamente mais importantes do Brasil sejam descobertos por pessoas que vivem em qualquer lugar da Terra?

Resposta: Inclua-os em um sistema de curadoria aparentemente sobrenaturalmente interacessível (a magia aqui é matemática) que também incluiria membros da economia criativa de todos os outros lugares.

Assim, torna-se possível para quem conhece Quincy Jones descobrir João do Boi (o imensamente importante músico de raizes profundíssimas) em apenas quatro (ou concebivelmente menos) passos (Quincy Jones > Alfredo Rodriguez > Munir Hossn > Roberto Mendes > João do Boi).

E se Herbie Hancock estiver dentro do matrix, então qualquer pessoa em sua página – seja acessando de um campus em L.A., um pub em Dublin, um shebeen na Cidade do Cabo, uma barraca na Mongólia – estará a poucos passos transitáveis de Raymundo Sodré, mesmo que não saibam nada do Brasil e desconheçam que Sodré canta/dança neste planeta. Sodré, derrubado do poleiro da fama pela ditadura brasileira, tem agora a alternativa de acesso ao mundo através do vasto potencial da teoria das redes.

...na medida em que outros artistas e tal — escritores, pesquisadores, cineastas, pintores, coreógrafos, chefs... em todos os lugares — também têm. Inteligência artificial não necessária (nem capaz). Inteligência real, sim.

Este não é um exemplo isolado. Caminhos curtos de poucos passos entre pessoas criativas amplamente díspares são universais em toda a matriz. Tal é o poder matemático do fenômeno do mundo pequeno, o fenômeno responsável pelos “seis graus de separação”, unindo a maioria dos seres humanos à maioria dos outros em cerca de seis passos. Esta é a superpotência da matriz.

Pergunta: O que há com a letra hebraica nas páginas da mídia matrix?

Resposta: Web Alef.

Pergunta: Como isso é uma matrix?

Resposta: O significado original de "matrix" é "fonte". A Matrix Online Network é uma realização virtual da Web Alef, permitindo que as pessoas realmente passem de membros da Economia Criativa Global para outros membros da ECG (portanto, uma Economia Criativa Global Integrada: ECGI) em etapas acessíveis. O matrix abre e une o mundo criativo de uma forma que não era possível desde que a humanidade tocou pela primeira vez uma flauta de osso há cerca de 40.000 anos.

Pergunta: Por que não usar Inteligência Artificial em vez de curadoria humana?

Resposta: A Inteligência Artificial faz recomendações pessoais de música com base no que uma pessoa escolheu ouvir anteriormente (e no que as pessoas consideradas semelhantes a alguém escolheram ouvir anteriormente). Mas a curadoria matricial é geral, não pessoal. Além disso, embora as recomendações de IA para música possam satisfazer algumas pessoas, essas recomendações são atualmente impossíveis para o trabalho de escritores, pintores, coreógrafos, cineastas, atores, chefs...

O Matrix é capaz de atingir profundamente...

Desembarques de Escravizados por Números

Ponto final de uma odisséia forçada de séculos, a região do Recôncavo baiano recebeu mais seres humanos escravizados do que qualquer outro porto de escala em toda a história da humanidade. Uma ironia é que essas pessoas criaram algumas das músicas mais edificantes fisicamente e espiritualmente já cantadas e dançadas. Outra ironia - verdadeira também nos Estados Unidos - é que sua música evoluiria para se tornar a música nacional do país que os escravizou. Uma meta-ironia, então, é que essas duas ironias gigantescas são quase completamente desconhecidas.

Número de Escravizados Embarcados/Desembarcados em Desembarques Selecionados de 1514 a 1866:Bahia, porto não especificado *

Embarcados: 1.339.627

Desembarcados: 1.206.934

* “Bahia” acima é o nome arcaico usado para a cidade de Salvador. Esses são os números de Salvador e do Recôncavo.Os números abaixo são para a Bahia incluindo Taipu e Porto Seguro:

Bahia

Embarcados: 1.347.121

Desembarcados: 1.213.691

Rio de Janeiro

Embarcados: 1.216.113

Desembarcados: 1.099.908

Brasil

Embarcados: 3.515.638

Desembarcados: 3.165.307

América do Norte continental

Embarcados: 359.628

Desembarcado: 301.740

Nossa fonte é o Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database centrado na Emory University e disponível online em http://slavevoyages.org/

Caro amigo, onde (e quem quer que) você esteja—

Você já reparou como lugares diferentes espalhados pela face do globo parecem quase existir em universos diferentes? Como se estivessem permeados por algo semelhante ao éter luminífero do século XIX, único, determinado pela história daquele lugar? É como um truque de luz da mente (suponho), mas de pé na praia ou escarpa em Salvador e olhando para a Baía de Todos os Santos para o grande Recôncavo, e atento ao que aconteceu lá (o Recôncavo foi o último porto de - clamar por mais seres humanos escravizados do que qualquer outro lugar ao longo de toda a existência da humanidade neste planeta), deve-se ser levado à inevitável conclusão de que estamos em um lugar único para a história e para o presente...

O Brasil não é uma nação europeia. Não é uma nação norte-americana. Não é uma nação do leste asiático. O Brasil atravessa - selva e deserto e centros urbanos densos - tanto o equador quanto o Trópico de Capricórnio. O Brasil absorveu mais de dez vezes o número de africanos escravizados levados para os Estados Unidos da América e é um repositório de divindades africanas (e sua música) hoje amplamente esquecidas em suas terras de origem. Era uma espécie de refúgio para os sefarditas que fugiam de uma Inquisição que os seguiu através do Atlântico (aquele símbolo não oficial da música nacional do Brasil – o pandeiro – quase certamente foi trazido para o Brasil por essas pessoas).

Pelas savanas ressequidas do interior do nordeste/nordeste culturalmente fecundo do Brasil, onde o feiticeiro Hermeto Pascoal nasceu na Lagoa da Canoa e foi criado em Olho d'Águia, grande parte da população aborígene do Brasil foi absorvida por uma cultura caboclo/quilombola pontuada pela Estrela de Davi. Três culturas - de três continentes - correndo por suas vidas, sua confluência formando uma quarta sem precedentes. Pandeirista no telhado. Em nenhum outro lugar, mas aqui.

"Onde tem miséria, tem música!"* - Raymundo Sodré (↓)

* Observado durante uma conversa que ia da Bahia ao Haiti e Cuba a Nova Orleans e o lado sul de Chicago e Harlem às aldeias da Irlanda e aos acampamentos ciganos e shtetls da Europa Oriental...

A rede foi construída em uma obscura loja de discos evidenciando este caldeirão (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar o encontrou) em uma cintilante cidade portuária brasileira...

...foi inspirada na (ficção inspirada na cabala) de Borges (conto fenomenal) El Aleph, aquele no pilar da Mesquita de Amr, no Cairo, onde o universo em sua totalidade ao longo de todos os tempos é perceptível como um zumbido infinito das profundezas da pedra.

Ela "funciona" em virtude do fenômeno do "mundo pequeno"... o mesmo responsável pelo fato de que a maioria dos 7 bilhões ou mais de seres estão dentro de 6 graus ou menos uns dos outros.

Ela foi descrita (até certo ponto) e pode ser acessada através deste artigo do jornal britânico The Guardian (que elegeu nossa rádio de artistas matrix como uma das dez melhores do mundo):

www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/apr/17/10-best-music-radio-station-around-world

(O nosso rádio — construído abaixo — está aqui)

Com David Dye para o Rádio Nacional dos EUA, National Public Radio: www.npr.org/2013/07/16/202634814/roots-of-samba-exploring-historic-pelourinho-in-salvador-brazil

De acordo com o "espírito" acima, nosso logotipo é um cortador de cana. Foi projetado por Walter Mariano, professor de design da Universidade Federal da Bahia para refletir as origens da música em que a loja se especializou, música que continua sendo uma força potente no restante de sua terra natal, o Recôncavo propriamente dito, onde é dançada à terra batida, sob o luar quebrado por folhas de bananeira, palmeira e manga, erguendo as almas de seus participantes quase como algo religioso, o que era, e deuses à parte, é.

O "alef" brasileiro não cantarola... dança e canta. E tudo está mais conectado do que imaginamos.

Bem-vindo à cozinha!

De Salvador com amor,
- Pardal "Sparrow" Roberts

Anos atrás em NYC (vivo aqui no Brasil há mais de 30 anos) eu "resgatei" royalties não pagos (performance e mecânica) para artistas/compositores incluindo Barbra Streisand, Aretha Franklin, Mongo Santamaria, Jim Hall, Clement "Coxsone" Dodd, Led Zeppelin, Ray Barretto, Philip Glass e muitos outros. Aretha me ligou do nada em relação ao dinheiro devido pela Atlantic Records. Allen Klein ligou sobre o dinheiro devido ao espólio de Sam Cooke. Jerry Ragovoy (Time Is On My Side, Piece of My Heart) ligou apenas para ver se ele tinha algum dinheiro não pago circulando por aí (o mundo da realeza era uma selva cheia de tubarões, para destruir metáforas, e duvido que tenha mudado).

Mas o cliente (e amigo) pertinente no presente contexto é Earl "Speedo" Carroll, dos Cadillacs. Earl passou de doo-wopping nas esquinas do Harlem para o sucesso no topo das paradas para trabalhar como zelador na escola primária PS 87 no lado oeste de Manhattan. Com tudo isso, ele nunca perdeu o que o fez grande. De certa forma, esta árvore de floresta tropical brotou de uma esquina no Harlem.

A grandeza e a fama são muitas vezes confundidas. O primeiro deve ser acessível independentemente do segundo.

Two Black Americas

The Bahian Recôncavo (the area around the great bay over which Salvador presides like a rough-cut but radiant black diamond) is where the profound roots of Afro-Brazilian civilization gave rise to the scintillating fluorescence which continues to illuminate (and move) benighted Brazil...after a journey closely paralleling that of the cultural genius of African-Americans in the United States...

The U.S. was scene of a world-shaking migration of African-Americans from the plantation country of the rural south to the cities of the north. These people carried with them various strands of a music which in evolution would come to completely dominate the music of the nation, and most of the planet. One part of the vast lore associated with this history is that of the intersection of highways 61 and 49. It was here that bluesman Robert Johnson is reputed to have sold his soul to the devil for the complete and holy mastery of his guitar and musical idiom.

Brazil also saw a mass migration of African-hyphenated people searching for employment, but here it was from the sugarcane plantations of Bahia south, to Rio de Janeiro, after the abolishment of slavery in 1888. These people likewise carried with them their music which in evolution would come to completely dominate the music of a nation...but in this case it was samba.

And as the original "delta" blues remained behind -- for some decades anyway -- in Mississippi and Alabama and Texas et al...primordial samba (samba chula / samba-de-roda) remains still in the land which was its cradle, the Recôncavo. There's even a crossroads here, dominated not by the devil but by the African deity Exu (who was conflated -- mistakenly of course -- by Christians with Satan): This is the crossroads of BA (Bahia) 420 (running between the towns of Santo Amaro -- hometown of Maria Bethânia and Caetano Veloso -- and Cachoeira, a vast redoubt of candomblé) and BA 878 (turning off from BA 420 and after a few kilometers following the interior coast of the bay south to the town of Bom Jesus dos Pobres).

If in passing this inconspicuous-enough but mightily-culturally-freighted junction one slows down or pulls over, there usually will be seen several despachos -- offerings to Exu -- clay bowls with cigars, cachaça (cane liquor), fowl... Exu is the opener of pathways, including between earth and higher realms; the guardian standing watch. How appropriate that he should preside over the head of the pathway between the primal African samba of Bahia and the national music of Brazil. And likewise (for we believe it was Exu metaphorically rather than the devil likewise at the crossroads of Highways 61 and 49, or 8 and 1 as some say) over the pathway between the primal musics of the Old South and the national musics of the United States.

Bahia's primordial samba was born mere graceful steps away from laughing in the death-mask of presumed power. Both it and America's primordial music are, in common, part of humanity's arsenal of not only survival mechanisms, but of prevailing mechanisms. Beauty aside, therein lies their importance.